The New York Metro (in English, New York City Subway) is the system the largest urban public transportation in the United States and one of the largest in the world, with between 416 and 475 stations (depending on how to account transfer points: MTA uses 468 as the official number of stations) and 656 miles ( 1,056 km) of primary roads in service. If you have tracks in workshops and garages the total to 842 miles (1,355 km). This meter is operated by the Transit Authority of New York City (New York City Transit Authority in the original English), colloquially known MTA New York City Transit by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metropolitan Transportation Authority in English, hereinafter MTA) who is a member agency. Both are agencies created by the legislature of the State of New York in 1953 and 1968, respectively, to operate the publicly owned transport in the city of New York in the case of MTA New York City Transit on one side and to monitor the transport mass audience in the region of the City of New York in the case of MTA.
is pending a law that will unite the operations of Metro New York City Transit MTA to MTA Staten Island Railway to form the new agency MTA Subways. In turn, the bus operations of MTA New York City Transit will go to another agency called MTA Bus (already created and currently hosts the oldest private bus operators in the city, acquired between January 3, 2005 and 20 February 2006).
Although known as "the subway", implying underground operations, about forty percent of the circulatory system on the ground, steel elevated structures or, more rarely, wrought iron, concrete viaducts, in trenches covered or open and-occasionally-on surface routes. All these modes of transit are completely separated from roads and walkways.
While the first subway line opened in 1904, the first elevated line (the line of the Ninth Avenue IRT) opened about 35 years earlier. The oldest structure still used (though enhanced) opened in 1885 as part of the Lexington Avenue line and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line in Brooklyn. The oldest line of traffic completely separate open is the West End of BMT, in use since 1863. Metro Cars (model R44) operate on the railway from Staten Island (Staten Island Railway), but is not considered part of metro.
At the time the first subway opened, the lines were grouped into two separate systems of private property, Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The City Council was closely involved, each line built for the IRT and most of the lines built or improved for the BRT after 1913 were built by the City and leased to the companies (using the original 1 and Contracts 2 for the IRT subway and Dual Contracts for expansion later.) The first line operated by the Independent Subway System (Independent Subway System, IND) municipal property, opened in 1932, the system was designed to compete directly with private systems and allow it to dismantle some of the elevated railways and this is visible and enter nearby lines of the Seventh and Eighth Avenues (IRT and IND, respectively) and Jerome Avenue lines (IRT) and Grand Concourse (IND) in the Bronx, to cite two examples.
In 1940 the two private systems were bought by the city, some elevated lines were soon closed. Integration was slow, but they were built many connections between the IND and BMT and now operate as one division, the Division B. Because IRT is narrower, has maintained itself as a division, the Division A.
IRT map, 1906.
Metro system today
The New York Metro is designed to carry large numbers of people every weekday. Operates 24 hours, every day of the year, just three meters in the world do. In 2009 rode the Metro 1,579,866,600 passengers, with an average working day of 5,086,833 of usuarios.4 A typical subway station platforms is expected to measure between 400 and 700 feet (122 to 213 m), enough to accommodate a large number of people. Users enter a station by stairs towards the ticket windows and vending machines to buy the ticket, now with a MetroCard. After passing it on the wheel, users down to the platforms waiting. Some lines in the outer boroughs and Upper Manhattan have elevated railway with stations that passengers have to climb. With some exceptions, the subway tunnels between stations have a rectangular shape.
Most lines and stations have local service and espressos. The latter have three or four lanes, the outer two are for local trains and / plants / is for express trains. The stations where express trains stop are usually points of destination or transit important. One line (that of Jamaica, J and Z routes) use service "skip-stop" (alternate stops) in some sections, in which two services operate on the line at peak hours and less important stations are served by one of two line routes. From 1989 until May 31, 2005, Routes 1 and 9 stop service offered in alternate sections between 238 and 145 streets, being eliminated this service for MTA New York City Transit and replaced by route 1 now makes every stop along the line of Broadway and Seventh Avenue.
A subway train typically consists of 8 to 11 cars (the ferries or "shuttles" are little 2 cars), when compounds can be from 150 to 600 feet (46 to 183 meters) long. As a rule trains the heirs of the IRT lines are shorter and narrower than the trains that operate in other lines (IND and BMT), the result is that there are two different divisions can not share train (Division "A" trains on the old IRT and division "B" for the BMT and IND).
Underground stations are located throughout Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens and The Bronx. All services pass through Manhattan, but one route, the local line "G" Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown, which directly links the two counties and the Rockaway Park shuttle and Franklin Avenue, which operate in Queens and Brooklyn respectively.
Staten Island is served by the railroad operated by MTA Staten Island Railway, which connects north and south ends of this island which is actually an operating division of the Metro section MTA New York City Transit, but is not considered as a meter, it is attached to the central system of American railroads.
On the other hand, there is a small subway linking the two banks of the Hudson River between New York (Manhattan, Street terminal 33/Herald Square and World Trade Center) and New Jersey (terminals in Newark, Hoboken, Journal Square and Exchange Place), but is not operated by MTA, but by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, called PATH (Port Authority stands for Trans-Hudson) and his older brother, has the characteristics of a metro (complete separation from other traffic and subway system in most of the route) and runs 24 hours a day, all year.
In 1994 the metro system introduced a special payment system called MetroCard fare allows travelers to use cards that hold money paid to the box office or at a vending machine. MetroCard was upgraded in 1997 to allow users to transfer between subways and buses within two hours. Other MetroCard with transfers only between meters were also put into circulation. The world famous token was removed in 2003, the same year that MTA raised the base fare to $ 2 despite protests from users and pressure groups and Straphangers Campaign. In 2005, the MTA increased prices for unlimited MetroCard, but left the base rate at $ 2.
Being an old system, most stations are not accessible to people with disabilities. The exceptions are new construction (or renovation, if Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue which was completely rebuilt) and major stations, as stipulated by the Americans with Disabilities Act (Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA ", in English).
The MTA began in the summer of 2005 the evidence for progressive automation of meter, including automated driving. It began with the BMT Canarsie line (route L). This route was chosen because it has no branches and practically does not cross any other line. The next line is planned to be automated of Flushing (Route 7) of the IRT for the decade of 2010.
Automation will use the "Operation of Trains A Person "(" One Person Train Operation, OPTO ", in the terminology used by transit employees). The benefits include automated meter cost reduction, security and reliability. Automated systems can be safer, because all the trains are in radio communication with every other (called "Communications-Based Train Control, CBTC, based train control communications) and its position and velocity are controlled carefully. That would lead to fewer delays and better service. The new system will replace the old mail in service for decades and often fails due to flooding (Also due to fire, the January 25, 2005, a fire at a quarter of signals at the Chambers Street station knocked out signals to the train lines A and C (Eighth Avenue BMT) and reductions This online service lasted about two weeks).
automatic trains are not entirely new, there are currently in Los Angeles and Paris. An experiment to automate the 42nd Street ferry in New York, begun in 1959, ended with a fire in Grand Central-42nd Street on April 24, 1964.
Critics argue that this automation can run trains with one person, threatens the personal safety of travelers, because normally the driver (the employee who opens and closes the doors of trains and stations makes the ads where they are not automated) is responsible to notify emergency services if necessary. This position would be eliminated and their tasks would the driver.
R142A model car of the Metro New York.
Many meters operate more or less static routes, so that a train line is almost synonymous with the railway route. In New York, the routes change frequently due to new connections or changes in the pattern of services. The line describes the physical railroad line or series of lines that uses a train route on its way from one terminal to another. Roads (also called services) are distinguished by a letter or number. The lines have names.
For example, the D train, Route Service D or D, although colloquially called the D line, runs along the following lines in its path:
In the Bronx, Concourse line;
In Manhattan, the line Eighth Avenue, the line of Sixth Avenue and Chrystie Street Connection;
In Brooklyn, the Fourth Avenue line and the line of the West End.
There are 26 train services in the subway system, including three short shuttle (shuttles). Each route has a color, representing the line that runs from Manhattan to the route in question, a different color is assigned to the Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown route, since it operates in Manhattan and ferries all have the dark gray color. Each service is also named after its Manhattan branch (or "crosstown") and is marked as local or express.
Trains are marked by blank service tags or black (for appropriate contrast) on a field in the color of your main line. The field is enclosed in a circle for most services or a diamond for special services such as express trains during peak hours only circulate on a route that operates normally at home. The panels also typically include the name of the service and terminals.
A Division (IRT) is at 1 Broadway Local and Seventh Avenue, 2 Seventh Avenue Express, 3 Seventh Avenue Express, 4 Lexington Avenue Express, 5 Lexington Avenue Express, 6 Local Lexington Avenue, 7 Flushing Local and S 42nd Street Shuttle.
B Division (BMT / IND) is the A Eighth Avenue Express, B Sixth Avenue Express, C Eighth Avenue Local, D Sixth Avenue Express, Local E Eighth Avenue, F Sixth Avenue Local, Local G Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown, J Nassau Street Express, L Street Local 14 and Canarsie, M Nassau Street Local, Express N Broadway, Broadway Express Q, R Broadway Local, S Franklin Avenue Shuttle, the Rockaway Park Shuttle S, V Sixth Avenue Local, Broadway Local W and Z Nassau Street Express.
Division C consists of other non-operations passenger traffic, including road maintenance and operations in garages.
simplified map of New York Metro, showing only the most important stations (2004).
Data Operation
Opening: 1904
Operator: New York City Transit Authority (popularly, MTA New York City Transit)
Lines: 24
Number of stations in 2009 : 468
Travelers in 2009 (year): 1,579,866,600
Average daily passengers (in days) in 2009: 5,086,833
Average daily trips (in days) in 2009: 8,279 Number of
travel in 2006: 2,680,573
employees in 2006: 27,807 Mileage
network: 1062.6 km (660 Mi)
No. Car in 2009: 6,380
Mean distance between failures (2009): 246,553.11 km (153,201 Mi)
Antigua currency to enter the subway in New York.
Fleet
The New York subway cars has the largest fleet in the world. About some 6,300 cars in 2009, are listed in New York City Transit. Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and the other divisions since 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number (eg R32). This is the number of contract by which the cars were purchased. Cars come with numbers (eg R1 to R9) are often virtually identical, having been just purchased by different contracts. The cars were known as "Type-R" to distinguish the models constructed for private operators.
The system maintains two separate fleets of cars, one for the IRT lines and one for the BMT and IND lines. All equipment in IRT is about 8 feet 9 inches (about 2.67 meters) wide and 51 '(approx. 15.5 meters) long, while all the equipment BMT and IND is approximately 10' ( 3 meters) wide and either 60 '(about 18.3 meters) or 75 "(about 22.86 meters) long.
Although the equipment of the two fleets can operate in the same way, the key factor that prevents interoperability is the fact that the two original contracts built for the IRT were made for a smaller profile. This is because IRT equipment chosen to use the same size as the one in use in all existing elevated railway in the city. This profile was consistent with older lines in service in Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago.
When the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company began discussions to operate the new subway lines, made the decision to design a new type of car, 10 feet wide 67 feet long, the subject of numerous patents, longer profile was similar to the steam railway cars, allowing for greater passenger capacity, more comfortable seats and other benefits. The BRT design unveiled to the public in 1913, receiving such acceptance that all future lines were built for the BRT, IRT or, eventually, IND, would be built to accommodate the wider cars.
As a result, most of the IRT lines could accommodate the equipment of the BMT and IND larger, changes in station platforms and equipment sides of the tracks. This did not seem feasible, however, because the original meter, narrower, includes portions of two primary lines of Manhattan, as well as critical parts of the Brooklyn lines. This could be solved, but at great cost. On the other hand, would be relatively easy to convert most of the lines in the Bronx for the BMT and IND operations, some of the plans for the Second Avenue line have included the conversion of the IRT Pelham Line.
line 1 train approaching 125th Street in Manhattan. The convoy cars of this type are R62.
expansion plans and major projects
The major expansion is the construction of the Second Avenue line, called line and whose Phase I (from 96 to 63 streets, where it will connect with the lines of Broadway and Queens Boulevard), beginning the work on 12 April 2007. Providing for the opening of this line as a branch of the current line in 2014.
This line is planned from the beginning of the metro, but the crisis of the 20 and 30 (Black Thursday New York Stock Exchange in 1929, produced the biggest recession the U.S. economy in the twentieth century) and prevented it successively the Second World War and the rise in building highways throughout the United States in the 50 and 60, did not contribute to it to start this project.
Finally, its construction began in the seventies, but then was shelved due to budgetary problems (the fiscal crisis of New York City in the years 70) and do not have sections that can be used.
This will be the largest expansion in the Metro New York, which remained virtually unchanged since 1940, when the three operators were merged into a single corporation (only the Chrystie Street Connection in lower Manhattan, subway extensions to Rockaway - Long Train gained Island and Archer / Parsons (in 1988), 63 Street tunnel under the East River (in 1989) and Street Connection 63 (between 63 Street Tunnel and the Queens Boulevard line, in 2001) have been the most significant works ever since).
Other significant projects include:
The extension of train No. 7 from its terminal in Times Square, to Eleventh Avenue and Calle 34 (near the Convention Center Jacob K. Javits, along the Hudson River). Work began on December 3, 2007 and opening is planned for 2013.
Reconstruction of the South Ferry station, terminal of line 1, for It can take trains (now is a circular shaped station dates from the early days of Metro and can accommodate only five trailers, causing huge delays in the trains running on Seventh Avenue) is underway, causing service outages on weekends. This new station will allow a direct transfer stations enter the South Ferry and Whitehall (R and W Broadway line) without having to come to the surface. The opening was scheduled for 2008.
The construction of a heat exchanger called the Fulton Street Transit Center (Fulton Street Transit) on Broadway, Lower Manhattan, where nine subway lines converge, consist of a new building to facilitate connections between Seventh Avenue lines (2 and 3), Lexington (4 and 5), Eighth Avenue (A and C) and Nassau Street (J, M and Z). Also planned to connect the interchange with the future World Trade Center station to be built by English architect Santiago Calatrava, which also houses the underground PATH, there are plans to build a direct train to the International Airport John F. Kennedy. This project is scheduled for completion in June 2009, is underway, and also caused outages on weekends in the affected lines.
Finally the construction of Dey Street connector, which will allow direct connection between the exchanger Fulton Street Transit and the new terminal of the World Trade Center, is in progress, which has led to the closure of the Cortlandt Street station on the Broadway line (route R and W). It is planned to reopen the station in mid-2007, with the runway nearing completion, although the work is not pending will top the new terminal is built at the World Trade Center.
subway map showing only the night service.
The subway is often seen as an integral part of the city. Many people who lived in the area along the eighties remembers him for his crime and graffiti, but this has since fallen.
New York's subway has figured in many films protagonist. Probably the most notable appearances are in the 1971 film The French Connection. The pursuit meter tow the car's character under the elevated line of BMT West End is often considered the best chase sequence in movie history. Later, the 1974 film Pelham, One, Two, Three (The Taking of Pelham One Two Three) focuses on the hijacking of a train number 6 in Manhattan. The cult movie The Warriors, The Warriors (The Warriors) bases his argument on a street gang taking the subway from the northern Bronx to Coney Island in southern Brooklyn. Trailers fully painted graffiti in sharp contrast to the relatively clean subway system today. In 2004, Spider-Man 2 had a sequence of control and crash of a runaway elevated train in Manhattan, although there are ways that appear not, was filmed in Chicago elevated subway. In music, Duke Ellington's band played the theme Take the A Train (Take the A train) inspired by the line A to Harlem.
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