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The building at 30 St Mary Axe in the city, the financial heart of London, is a 40-storey skyscraper. Building formerly known as Swiss Re, referring to its previous owner, also known as "the Gherkin." It is 180 meters high, which places him as the second tallest building in the city of London, after Tower 42, and the sixth highest in the greater London area.

The building was designed by Norman Foster, his former partner Ken Shuttleworth2 and engineers Arup. It was built by the Swedish company Skanska between 2001 and 2003.3 It officially opened on May 25, 2004

Site history

The building is on the former site of the headquarters of the Baltic Exchange, an exchange company and services in the shipping industry. It was a listed building (listed building - grade II) completed in 1903. Had been designed by Smith & Wimble, according to the principles of architecture victoriana.5 The April 10, 1992, a day after the reelection of John Major as Prime Minister, the provisional IRA bomb detonated nearby, damaging the Baltic Exchange building and other nearby buildings. The blast killed three people, injured 91 and caused other extensive damage.

The Inglés Heritage (the government council for the protection of historical heritage), the government of the city and the Corporation of London insisted that any reconstruction should retain the old facade of the building to St. Mary Axe. The company owner, unable to deal with reconstruction, the site sold the company Trafalgar House in 1994 and moved to a nearby building. Trafalgar House instructed the GMW architectural firm to study possible strategies for development of the site, respecting the old building. They proposed a rectangular building surrounding the ancient site.

later turned out that the damage was more severe than originally thought, so that the authorities gave up demanding a full restoration, despite the objections of conservationists advocating architectural reconstruction.

Most of the structures that remained standing were carefully removed, the interior of Exchange Hall and the facade were preserved and sealed. The remains of the building and not are protected, because the building officially no longer exists, so that the remains have been sold to private collectors and museos.5 The windows, for example, have been restored and displayed at the Maritime Museum Much Nacional.9 the remains were transferred in 2007 to Tallinn (Estonia), which provides for the reconstruction of the building

The planning process

Once discarded the option of rebuilding the old building, and either partially or totally opened the options to build a new one, without constraints conservationists. In addition the site had certain advantages: it was outside central area of \u200b\u200bconservation, not in the path of the sight lines (the lines connecting certain visual protected sites around London with the Cathedral of St. Paul) and in the vicinity and there were several tall buildings, as Tower 42, the skyscrapers of 99 Bishopsgate, or Lloyd's building.

Moreover, at this time, the City of London remained stiff competition from Canary Wharf to attract businesses. The Canary Wharf business complex (county of Tower Hamlet), created in mid-1980, offered a lot of office space in modern buildings, at more competitive prices. At Canary Wharf are the 3 tallest buildings in the United Kingdom. In contrast, regulations in central London were an inconvenience for the implementation of major corporate headquarters. Large companies abandoned their headquarters in the city to move to Canary Wharf, as banks Credit Suisse First Boston, Morgan Stanley and Barclays. The dispute had with big business moves in both directions.

Trafalgar House in 1996 announced plans to build the Millennium Tower, a massive skyscraper designed by Norman Foster, which if built would have been the highest in Europa.15 It was a building of 86 floors and 386 m high, with more than 150,000 square feet of office space, with a public viewpoint located at 305 m altura.16 This project was abandoned because of opposition from Inglés Heritage and Civil Aviation Authority, claiming that such a tall tower posed a danger to air navigation. After that failure, the site was sold to Swiss Re, which began work on the project of a lower tower height, also with Foster.

The final draft was approved in 2000 by the Corporation of London, supported by Mayor Ken Livingstone and Inglés Heritage.18 Such permission was subject to approval by the Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and Regiones.19 On August 23, 2000, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, as well as Secretary for the Environment, granted the license to build the new building. Baltic Exchange opposed the decision, arguing that an issue of such historical and environmental importance should be discussed through a referendum.

The Swiss Re decided the desire of the authorities to maintain the traditional style of London with its relatively narrow streets. The mass of Swiss Re was not too impressive. Like many buildings in the area, it is very difficult to realize the existence of the tower if you are not close, but not directly under it. This schedule of norms and aims to create a common visual identity for the city: for example, building codes in New York has had an enormous impact on the city compared to other more conservative standards, such as London and Paris.

The tower under construction.

The

building was built by Skanska, completed in 2004 and inaugurated on April 28, 2004.

The building uses energy savings that can use half the energy of a similar tower typically consume a large extent by diagrid type structure. Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building if the firewall reuiere all sixth floor to interrupt the "chimney." The shafts create a giant IG effect of double effect: the area is channeled through two layers of glass and isolates the area of \u200b\u200bthe offices inside.

The architects limited the double glazing in residential houses to avoid the inefficient convection heat, but Swiss Re exploited this effect. The axes draw the hot air of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating. On the other hand also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the workplace more enjoyable, and lower lighting costs.

Most tall buildings get their lateral stability from a central structure or mast of a perimeter, or a combination of both. Typically, this means they are designed to withstand high winds, but they are too flexible to ensure passenger comfort. The main method for controlling the deflection of the wind and make the structure more stable and increase the weight of ballast assets. With the help of structural engineers Arup, Swiss Re has developed a triangular perimeter structure building to rigid enough without any additional reinforcements.

Despite its curvilinear shape, only one piece of curved glass in edificio.21

At the top level of the building (floor 40), is a bar for tenants and guests offering a 360 ° view of London. The restaurant works on the floor 39, and there are private rooms where you can dine on the floor 38.

While most of the buildings have the bulky equipment of the elevator on the roof of the building, this was not possible to use the Gherkin since a bar that had been planned for the floor 40. The architects solved to reach the elevator to floor 34, and then placed a marble staircase and a lift lighter to allow access for people with disabilities that lead the visitor to the bar of the dome.

The building is visible from afar, for example, from the north can be seen from the M11 about 20 miles while the west can be seen from the statue of George III at Windsor Great Park.

The base of the building.

term

After

The first owner of the building was the reinsurance company Swiss Re, which promoted the construction of the building to house its headquarters operations in the United Kingdom. For this reason the building was known for some time as Swiss Re Tower

In one operation, the building was sold in 2007 to the German group IVG Immobilien, the amount of 630 million pounds. The insurer, however, continue to occupy the building until mid-2031.22 The sale occurred shortly before the start of the 2008 financial crisis.

In 2004, the building was awarded the Stirling Prize, which awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architects Journal

Origin of the nickname "The Gherkin"

pickle name first appeared in The Guardian in 1996, referring to his unorthodox profile, and this nickname was adopted by other media and the public. Because something phallic aspect of the present building, was also popularly known by other names as "the erotic gherkin" (erotic gherkin), 20 the "innuendo imposing" (towering innuendo), 25 and the "glass phallus (phallus crystal , a pun on the historic Crystal Palace).

View from Bishopsgate Street, one of the main avenues of the city.

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Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider, LHC (Large Hadron Collider English LHC) is a particle accelerator and collider located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN, an acronym for its former name in French: Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) near Geneva on the Franco-Swiss border. It was designed to collide beams of hadrons, protons more accurately, up to 7 TeV of energy, its main purpose being to examine the validity and limits of the Standard Model, which is currently the theoretical framework of particle physics, which is known rupture energy levels high.

collider

Within two beams of protons are accelerated in opposite directions up to 99.99% the speed of light, and makes them collide to produce very high energies (albeit at subatomic scales) that would simulate some events occurring immediately after the big bang.

The LHC is the accelerator larger particles and energy in the world.1 Use the tunnel 27 km in circumference created for the Large Hadron Collider Electron and Positron (LEP English) and more than 2000 physicists from 34 countries and hundreds of universities and laboratories involved in its construction .

Once cooled to its operating temperature, which is 1.9 K (less than 2 degrees above absolute zero, or -271.15 ° C), the first particle beams were injected on August 1, 2008 , 2 and the first attempt to circulate them throughout the course of the collision occurred on 10 September in the year 2008.3 Although the first high energy collisions were initially provided on 21 October 2008.4 The experiment was postponed due to a malfunction that caused the leak of liquid helium that cools one of the superconducting magnets.

end of 2009 was re-launch, and on 30 November of that year became the most powerful particle accelerator to achieve energies of 1.18 TeV in their beams, beating the previous record of 0.98 TeV Tevatron estadounidense.5 established by 30 March 2010 the first collisions of protons in the LHC reach an energy of 7 TeV (when colliding two beams of 3.5 TeV each) which meant a new record for this type of trials. The collider will operate at half performance for two years after which it plans to bring it to its maximum power of 14 TeV.6

Theoretically this instrument is expected to confirm the existence of the particle known as Higgs boson, sometimes called "God particle" 7 or "particle mass. " The observation of this particle would confirm the predictions and "missing links" of the Standard Model of physics, being able to explain how other elementary particles acquire properties such as

masa.8

Design CMS Collaboration.

Verify the existence of the Higgs boson would be a significant step in pursuit a grand unified theory, which aims to link three of the four known fundamental forces, leaving outside only the gravity. Furthermore, this boson could explain why gravity is so weak compared with the other three forces. Next to the Higgs boson could also cause other new particles that were predicted theoretically, and for which the search is planned, 9 as strangelets, micro black holes, magnetic monopoles and supersymmetric particles

accelerator chain of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

experiments will accelerate protons to have an energy of 7 TeV each (being the total collision energy of 14 TeV). 5 are being built for the LHC experiments. Two of them, ATLAS and CMS particle detectors are large general purpose. The other three, LHCb, ALICE and TOTEM, are smaller and specialized. The LHC can also be used to collide heavy ions such as lead (the collision energy of 1150 will have a TeV). Physicists hope the LHC will provide answers to the following questions:

The significance of the mass (we know how to measure but do not know what is really)

The mass of the particles and their origin (in particular, if the Higgs boson)

The origin of the mass of baryons

total number of particles of the atom

A know why elementary particles have different masses (ie, if the particles interact with the Higgs field)

95% of the mass of the universe is not made of matter we know and are expected to know what matter is

dark

The existence of supersymmetric particles

If extra dimensions, as predicted by various models inspired by string theory, and, if so, why have not been able to perceive

If there are more violations of symmetry between matter and antimatter

recreate the conditions that caused the Big Bang11

The LHC is a project of immense size and huge engineering task. While you're on, the total energy stored in the magnets is 10 gigajoules and 725 Megajoules beam.

Party LHC tunnel beneath the LHC P8, near the LHCb.

Red

computing network computing (Grid Computing in English) of the LHC is a distribution network designed by CERN to handle the huge amount of data to be produced by the Large Hadron Collider. Incorporates its own fiber-optic links as part of high-speed Internet.

The data stream provided from the detectors is estimated at approximately 300 Gb / s, which is filtered looking for "interesting events", resulting in a flow of 300 Mb / s. The computer center at CERN, considered "Tier 0" of the network connection has a dedicated 10 Gb / s.

project is expected to generate 27 terabytes of data per day, more than 10 TB of "abstract." This data is sent out from CERN to eleven academic institutions in Europe, Asia and North America, which are "row 1" processing. Another 150 institutions are the "Tier 2".

LHC is expected to produce between 10 to 15 Petabytes of data per year.

The LHC's CMS detector.

Budget

The construction of LHC was approved in 1995 with a budget of 2600 million Swiss francs (about 1700 million euros), along with another 210 million francs (140 million €) for experiments. However, this cost was passed in the 2001 revision of 480 million francs (300 million €) on the accelerator, and 50 million francs (€ 30m) for more under experimentos.12 Another 180 million francs (€ 120m) more have had to allocate the increased costs of superconducting magnetic coils. And there are still technical problems in building the last tunnel will be located underground where the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS). The institution's budget approved for 2008 is EUR 660,515,000 for a total of 53,929,422 euros.

The funding cuts planned for 2011 is 15 million Swiss francs in the 1,100 million euros of the total budget, which represent less than 1.5 percent of annual investment and the following year by two percent , so to save 262 million euros for 2015.

The scientific delegate of Spain at CERN, Carlos Pajares, has said that the Large Hadron Collider or LHC will not be affected by the cut in funds provided by the research institution to the economic crisis.

"All countries had said no to touch the LHC program and what was done. The director general has sent a message to the entire scientific community saying that CERN has also tightened the belt but the LHC will not to suffer, "said Carlos Pajares

helium tanks.

alarms about potential disaster

Since the projected Grand Relativistic Ion Collider (RHIC), the American Walter Wagner and Luis Sancho15 denounced the English court of Hawaii at CERN and the U.S. government, claiming that there the possibility that processes triggered operation, they said, would be capable of causing the destruction of Earth. But its position is rejected by the scientific community, as it lacks any mathematical support to support it.

reported catastrophic processes are

The formation of a stable black hole,

formation supermassive foreign matter, as stable as ordinary matter,

The formation of magnetic monopoles (under the theory of relativity) that could catalyze proton decay,

Activation of the transition to a vacuum state.

In this regard, the CERN has studied the possibility of the occurrence of disastrous events such as unstable negros16 microholes, networks, or dysfunctions magnéticas.17 The conclusion from these studies is that "there are reasonable grounds leading to these threats "18 19

short:

In the unlikely event that created a black hole would be so infinitely small that could traverse the earth without touching a single atom, since 95% of these are empty spaces. Because of this, I could not grow and reach the space where your chance of hitting something and grow, it is even smaller. [Citation needed]

The planet Earth is exposed to natural phenomena similar or worse to be produced in the LHC.

cosmic rays reach the Earth at speeds continuously (and therefore energy) huge, even by several orders of magnitude greater than those produced in the LHC.

The Sun, due to its size, has received 10,000 times more.

Whereas all visible stars in the universe are an equal number, 1031 are achieved as the LHC experiments and is not yet observed any event as postulated by Wagner and Sancho.

During operation of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven (USA) has not seen a single strangelet. The production of strangelets in the LHC is less likely that RHIC, and experience with this accelerator has validated the argument that it can produce strangelets.

collider Timeline

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Jukkasjärvi Ice Hotel, Sweden. Germany Highways

While in the southern hemisphere we prepare for the summer in northern intense cold start. In a previous post, we wrote about buildings of salt in the Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia, specifically a hotel. In this article, I will refer to another private hotel, built in ice. Yes! ice ... and as you're thinking, is actually a building that melts each year, when temperatures begin to rise, and rebuilt, when the weather permits. It's called "Ice Hotel" and is in Sweden. Is 200 Km inside the Arctic Circle, in a small village called Jukkasjärvi, home to the Saami. Used Torne River ice that freezes every year.

In the 70's, was an area of \u200b\u200badventure tourism, but only in the summer when you can go river rafting and fishing, however, during the months of darkness and cold, the inhabitants of the village is dedicated to winter, and there were no tourists. In the 80's, built the first hotel, a small Igloo 60 m2. Since then thousands of tourists visit it in winter, attracted by the exceptional white landscape and the experience of sleeping in an ice hotel.

Torne River most of the year, is covered by a one-meter layer of ice, artists, designers and architects used to do their work. Water impeccable, complemented by the constant movement of the river, produces a crystal clear and transparent. Every year they invite different artists to develop projects in the Ice Hotel.

2007

The hotel will be built between the 8th and 29th December. In 2006, about 40 artists and designers from different countries have been selected by the jury of Icehotel Art & Design Group, to transform their ideas in frozen environments. Nine years ago there is a collaboration between the Ice Hotel and Landscape Architecture Program Univesity Ultuna SCL / Alnarp. Students are invited fifth-year architecture design and build the exterior of the Hotel.

In the Hotel website, you can see photographs of various sections of the hotel (reception, hall, suites, etc ...) and inform you that artist built. Are the work of the years 2005 and 2006, the photographs shown in this article are to this year.

The Hotel includes a church, where even perform marriages and an ABSOLUT ICEBAR. The latter has several locations (Absolut IceBar Stockholm, Milan, London, Tokyo and Copenhagen). In all, ice bar, even the glasses where you take Absolut ... To make your stay a comfortable one, the entry ticket includes a coat.

CI Yoseph BUITRAGO 18257871 CRF