The roller coaster is named after the amusement developed during the winter in Russia, where there were large wooden toboggan sled descended sliding on snow. Ironically, the Russians called Amerikánskiye Gorki (Russian: Американские горки) or "American mountain." They were also known in France, where train cars added to roads in disuse, and finally came to the U.S. where they are called Roller coaster and are a popular attraction designed to fairs, amusement parks and theme parks. It is essentially a rail system, which form a track or (via) (or several) that rises and falls in specially designed circuits, sometimes with one or more investments (including the broad range of investment the best known is the loop) cabezabajo travelers leaving briefly. The track does not have a complete circuit (when open circuit is "shuttle"), although Some purists insist that there is a real roller coaster. (Note that not all the attractions that are passed through a roller coaster track). Most coasters have cars (cars) for two, four, six, eight or even 20 passengers each, where they sit to travel around the circuit. The set of all cars (cars) together is a train.
Diagram of a typical roller coaster fair, ascend with chain.
Dragon Khan roller coaster, Port Aventura, Spain.
Wheels is also important to maintain good lubrication, both bearings, and sometimes on the road, as this is done to overcome friction, and losing too much speed on the course.
Some roller coasters can operate two or more trains at once. These sights use a braking system that prevents collisions between trains. Locking systems work by dividing the track into sections or sections. Allow only one train each way to turn, will have pieces of track half way where you can stop the train if necessary. This can be done in multiple ways, including the stop at the station, stopping at the hill climb, or using intermediate or final stages of the circuit. Sensors at the end of each section detected when the train passes, and the computer knows which runs the attraction stages are occupied by a train. When the computer (computer) detects that a train will enter a stretch that is being used by another train, using the best available method to prevent it from normally stop the train to come. This can cause a cascade effect when multiple trains are stopped at the end of each section due to the delay of one of them.
In order to prevent such problems, operators of attraction are the appropriate procedure to release the train from the station, taking into account waiting times. A common model used in attractions with two trains, is to stop the train No 1, who just finished the tour, just before the season, throwing the train number 2 (which has been charged for the trip No. 1), allowing No. 1 entering the season, losing to travelers, and climb to new travelers. That is, while a train makes the journey, the other is in the station carrying passengers. The animation explains this graphically.
Braking
A roller coaster built under engineering design perfect, you have enough kinetic energy, or motion, or energy to complete the whole circuit and with good speed, the final brakes completely stop the train leaving the station. A stop at the end of the tour is the most common method to stop a roller coaster. There are several types of brakes, tires and magnetic, tires, brake pads squeeze a passing train and the van stopping friction. The magnetic, more advanced, is a magnet located on the brakes, the train is a copper plate in the bottom that passed between them, produce electric currents, friction magnetic (eddy current, eddy current) are gently stopping the train, they act in direct proportion to speed, without electrical input, so they are softer and insurance.
History The first prototype coaster with gravity trains were many changes in elevation in 1880. LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the first roller coaster on January 20, 1885. These primitive coasters were used by the railway companies to offer entertainment on weekends, when there were fewer passengers. By 1912, the first coaster designed lower friction by John Miller, also called the Thomas Edison of roller coasters. Then, roller coasters spread across America and around the world. Possibly the best known historical roller coaster, Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York in 1927. As Cyclone, all the former were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters, are currently operating in parks such as Kennywood near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Big Dipper at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, England, UK.
The Great Depression marked the end of the first golden age of roller coasters and parks. Amusement parks in general, fell into a crisis not recovered until 1972, when they built Racer at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio (near Cincinnati). Designed by John Allen, Racer instant success followed by a second golden age that lasts until today.
In 1959, the newly opened Disneyland theme park introduced one of the greatest innovations of this world: tubular steel. Matterhorn Bobsleds, was the first coaster to use a track with rails of tubular steel. Differently from traditional wooden rails, these tracks can be bent into any direction, which allows to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other elements in their designs. Most modern roller coasters are built with steel, but no construction has been abandoned in wood, in fact, good parks usually have at least one wooden coaster.
Some of the greatest innovations of today's roller coasters are due to changes in the design of the cars (wagons). In some consist only of the harness (just as if it were reversed, but it is not), have no ground with passengers legs dangling in the air and allowing an unobstructed view of the ground (many meters) and route ( at high speed), which gives more excitement. In others, it travels up. In other sitting traveling in the opposite direction to the advancement of backward (also called backwards) with what the adventurers do not know in which direction the train will move at the next corner. Another innovation beyond the roller coasters are flying, where walkers are lying face down (most of the way) and are only restrained by a harness, which gives a feeling of flying.
In 1992 he opened the first inverted roller coaster, Batman The Ride at the amusement park Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. This type of roller coaster is currently very popular, almost every park has one. The current tendency to make increasingly complex designs.
In 2004 was built on a Hyper Six Flags Mexico Roller Coaster manufactured by Chance Morgan, this mountain made history as the construction of foundations and the complete installation was carried out by Mexico, in a record time of 24 weeks, led by Mr. Carlos Romano, one of the only Latino Engineers and perhaps Only in Mexico with extensive experience in Maintenance and Construction of Roller Coasters and generally specialized in large parks.
Colossus in Thorpe Park, UK, is currently the roller coaster with more investment, ten in total, exceeding the previous record held by the Dragon Khan.
coasters are designed to feel risk, besides speed, air-times and strength G. That's why when accidents happen, attract public attention, as happened fatally on September 5, 2003 in the seemingly mild attraction Big Thunder Mountain at Disneyland California Adventure, which alarmed the whole U.S..
Statistically, roller coasters are very safe. The Committee for Safety of Consumer Products U.S. (Consumer Product Safety Commission) estimates that 134 park guests required hospitalization in 2001 and deaths in the general leisure attractions are about two per year. According to a study by Six Flags, there were 319 million visits in 2001. The study concluded that the visitor had a chance of one of more than two hundred fifty million died in the park, and injury rates in children's attractions, golf and flying chairs is greater than that of the big rides. In short, it is more dangerous to travel by car to the park to stay in it or enjoy its attractions.
In 1999, a passenger weighing over 180 kg could not close properly harness (safety bar) and was thrown from Superman coaster at Six Flags Darien Lake, with serious injuries. Besides this, there was a similar accident in 2004 when a man over 100 kg with cerebral palsy went to Six Flags New England and in the last corner of the route, was thrown and died in the accident or that recently occurred at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville KY this. where a 13-year-old lost both legs when a brake cable broke off impacting people on board the accident causing the girl who lost limbs. Also in recent months also a man shot out of the attraction Stampida in Port Aventura, a theme park that is north east of Spain in the province of Tarragona in the town of Salou. The victim, a male canary, 32, not obey the warnings that limited the use of this roller coaster attraction of obese people over a certain weight. The investigation concluded that excess weight of the victim could be the cause of the failure of the handrail. The victim died of multiple injuries by falling head. The strange thing was that when the pull came into place, everything was in perfect order, the bar below the belt as well and everything normal. Critics maintain that, apart from good security there, there are still accidents and many of them avoidable. Most attractions accidents due to reckless behavior by users.
In recent years, controversy has focused on the safety of some attractions increasingly wild and extreme. There are suspicions that speed (both in turns as linearly) the passenger can cause slight changes in the brain. In 2003 the Brain Injury Association of America concluded in a study that "There is evidence that roller coasters have some risk to the health of some people at some point. Equally evident is that the vast majority of travelers will not have problems." Anyway, most parks warn with no health problems which should be mounted to avoid risks such as heart problems or back neck, being pregnant, or having surgery recently.
An inverted: Jerudong Park Playground, Brunei.
Riding Expedition GeForce, a megacoáster in Holiday Park, Germany.
CI Yoseph BUITRAGO 18257871 CRF
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